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The ''Civitas Tungrorum'' was a large Roman administrative district dominating what is today eastern Belgium, and the southern Netherlands. In the early days of the Roman empire it was in the province of Gallia Belgica, but it later joined the neighbouring lower Rhine river border districts, within the province of Germania Inferior. Its capital was ''Aduatuca Tungrorum'', which is modern Tongeren. Like many Roman administrative districts, this one was named after the tribal grouping that lived there, the Tungri, although in this case the Tungri is not a name known from the area before it became part of the Roman empire. ==Location== The exact definition of the ''civitas'' probably corresponded at least roughly to the area of the large medieval Catholic diocese of Liège, which was reduced in 1559. Many early medieval dioceses were based upon older Roman provinces. And it is known that this diocese saw itself as the diocese of the ''Civitas Tungrorum''. However, doubts exist about exact borders in this case due to the fact that the northern part of the ''civitas'' was for a long time pagan Frankish, and outside of Roman or Catholic influence. Edith Wightman, considering the question of the locations of the tribes Caesar originally met here, goes as far as saying that this region "had the least stable political situation of any within later Belgica, and since the pattern was repeated in the Middle Ages, bishopric boundaries are of no help". In modern terms, the region covered all or most of eastern Belgium. The southern part is generally treated as if it had the same boundaries as the later diocese. *East-southeast the territory apparently stretched as far as the Eifel area of modern Germany, near Prüm and Bitburg, which included the territory of the Caeroesi tribe. *South-southeast, the diocese stretched into the northern part of modern Luxembourg, and bordered upon the civitas of the Treverii in Gallia Belgica, which had its capital in Trier. *In the south, it stretched into the Ardennes to approximately the modern border with France. Over this border was the ''civitas'' of the Remi, with their Roman capital at Rheims, within Gallia Belgica. *In the southwest, and west, the neighbouring ''civitas'' was that of the Nervians or Nervii, which stretched through central Belgium, and had its Roman capital in Bavay in northern France. In medieval times their territory corresponded approximately to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai, which once stretched as far north as Antwerp. *In the west, the ''civitas'' and its later diocese stretched towards the Dijle river, and then the Scheldt which it flows into, but might not have reached this limit in all areas. For example, it probably included Namur, and maybe also Leuven (which was in the diocese), but it probably did not include Antwerp (which was not in the medieval diocese). There is less certainty about the borders of the ''civitas'' to the north and east, where pagan Franks settled in between the times of Saint Servatius and Lambert of Maastricht, leading to a possible disruption of administrative districts. *To the northwest and north, where the ancient Scheldt ran via the Striene to empty into the Meuse (Dutch ''Maas''), the Menapii had lived during Caesar's time. Their Roman ''civitas'' appears to have ended near the Striene-Scheldt, and in their place were possibly new tribes such as the Frisiavones, Marsacii, Sturii, Canninefates and Batavians. The Batavians had their own ''civitas'' within Germania Inferior. So it is not clear if the Civitas Tungrorum reached to the North Sea, nor whether it reached to the old Meuse-Maas delta, as the later diocese of Liège did. But it is likely, in any case, that the ''civitas'' reached into the modern Netherlands province of North Brabant. *To the northeast it appears that the Tungri's district reached into the northern part of the Netherlands province of Limburg, which is where the districts of the ''pagus Vellaus'' and the ''pagus Catualinus'' apparently were. It may even have stretched over the Meuse in places. On the other hand in this direction also lay the Civitas Traianensis, inhabited by the Cugerni, and apparently also the Baetasii, which may have also stretched into this same region of the modern Netherlands. *Directly to the east, proposals differ concerning the border with the province of the Ubii, the Colonia Aggripensis, with its capital in Cologne. It is sometimes suggested that the southern part of Dutch Limburg must also have been in the ''civitas''. But it appears the Sunuci, were in the province of Cologne, and that they lived areas such as Valkenburg, Voeren and Aachen, that were later within the church diocese of Liège. So it has been proposed that the Meuse river was the border, and perhaps even Maastricht was not included. One proposal is that the civitas gained territory in Dutch Limburg already during late Roman times, for example when Germania Inferior was reorganised into Germania Secunda.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Civitas Tungrorum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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